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Question 555:

1

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Part a. 2-Sample z

 

30 IQ scores from two classes which have normal distribution were samples to see if there was a difference in average IQ. Below are the IQ scores.

 

Class A

Class B

100

70

88

88

75

75

115

115

120

120

112

108

108

75

120

85

115

100

122

102

95

95

99

80

101

101

105

105

110

110

117

100

79

79

102

102

108

108

98

98

125

99

100

98

93

93

105

105

103

103

115

115

130

103

91

91

90

90

95

90

 

The descriptive statistics for the above IQ scores are for Class A Mean: 104.53, SD 13.24 and for Class B Mean : 96.77 and SD 12.55.

  1. First we generate a pooled standard deviation of the difference using the variance (squaring the standard deviation) since we're assuming there is a difference between variances.
    1. The variances are 175.43 and 157.43
    2. In assuming unequal variances we use the formula for the pooled standard deviation
      1. SQRT( (var1/n1) + (var2/n2) )
      2. SQRT( (175.43 /30) + (157.43/30) ) = 3.331 which is the pooled standard deviation.
    3. The difference between the means is 104.53-13.24 = 7.77 making the test statistic = 7.77/3.331= 2.66. Since we're using the z-test, this is our z-score.
    4. We can use a z-table or the z-score to percentile calculator and enter 2-sided. We get a percent of area of .7814 which is a p-value of .007814 or well less than .05.

The p-value of .0078 is below our rejection criteria of .05 meaning we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between Class IQ's. This means we would say there is a significant difference in IQ scores between the two classes.

Part b. 2-Sample t-Test

 

The lunch-room lady wanted to know if two lunch periods had more food on their lunch-trays. The weight in pounds of two samples of one from the early lunch and one from the later lunch were sampled and are below.

 

Early

Late

1.65

1.73

0.75

1.06

1.03

3.01

1.12

1.4

1.05

1.15

1.02

1.13

1.25

1.41

1.26

1.73

1.01

1.63

1.03

1.56

 

The descriptive statistics for the above weights above are for Early Mean: 1.117lbs, SD .235 and for the Late Lunch Mean : 1.581lbs and SD .559.

 

  1. First we generate a pooled standard deviation of the difference using the variance (squaring the standard deviation) since we're assuming there is a difference between variances.
    1. The variances are .05527 and .3124
    2. In assuming unequal variances we use the formula for the pooled standard deviation
      1. SQRT( (var1/n1) + (var2/n2) )
      2. SQRT( (.05527 /10) + (.3124/10) ) = .1918 which is the pooled standard deviation of the difference.
    3. There are 10+10-2 = 18 degrees of freedom.
    4. The difference between the means is 1.581-1.117 = 4.64 making the test statistic = 4.64/.1918= 2.419. Since we're using the t-test, this is our test statistic t. We can use the percentile from t-score calculator here http://www.usablestats.com/calcs/tdist and we get a p-value of .0264.
    5. The p-value of .0264 is below our rejection criteria of .05 meaning we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between lunch weights. This means we would say there is a significant difference in lunch weights between the two lunch times.

We can also check the results using the 2-sample t-test calculator here

http://www.usablestats.com/calcs/2samplet

 

Part C Two Proportions. Variables

 

In a random sample of 200 people from Chicago, 120 are found to the like the winter more than the summer. In another random sample of 500 people from New York, 240 are found to like the winter more than the summer. Is the proportion of who like the winter in each city equal using the .05 level significance?

 

The samples are large enough that we can use the Normal Approximation to the Binomial to answer the difference between two proportions. We see that 60% in Chicago favor the winter and 48% in New York do. We want to know if the observed difference in proportions 120/200 - 240/500  = .12 is greater than chance.

You divide this difference by the square-root of a denominator which accounts for the chance which will provide you with a z-score. The denominator is the square root of:

1         1
--   +  --     * PQ
n1       n2

Where P = (x1 + x2)/(n1+n2)  Q is 1-P. The x's are just the number of people who favor winter in each city and the n's are the sample sizes.

P = (120+240)/(200+500) = .514
Q = 1-.514 = .486
PQ = .486*.513 = .2498

1/n1 + 1/n2 = 1/200 + 1/500 = .007

So multiply .2498 * .007= 0.00175

Now the square root of this is SQRT(0.00175) = .04183

So the equation is the observed difference .12/.04183 = 2.87

That result is the z-score which is your test-statistic. You now look this value up using the z-score to percentile calculator using the 2-sided area. You should get 0.413% or a p-value of .00413, meaning there is about a .04% chance the difference is due to chance.  In other words, we would conclude that more

 

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